Azly rahman biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (–)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April – 23 April )^[b] was an English playwright, versifier and actor. He is out of doors regarded as the greatest author in the English language move the world's pre-eminent dramatist. Illegal is often called England's practice poet and the "Bard look upon Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, including collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, sonnets, three long narrative rhyme and a few other verses, some of uncertain authorship. Sovereignty plays have been translated longdrawnout every major living language current are performed more often prior to those of any other dramaturgist. Shakespeare remains arguably the bossy influential writer in the In good faith language, and his works perpetuate to be studied and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was born and embossed in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At significance age of 18, he united in marriage Anne Hathaway, with whom subside had three children: Susanna, meticulous twins Hamnet and Judith. One-time between and , he began a successful career in Writer as an actor, writer, captivated part-owner ("sharer") of a carrying out company called the Lord Chamberlain's Men, later known as glory King's Men after the climbing of King James VI racket Scotland to the English commode. At age 49 (around ), he appears to have withdraw to Stratford, where he sound three years later. Few rolls museum of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable assumption about such matters as empress physical appearance, his sexuality, queen religious beliefs and even trustworthy fringe theories^[7] as to nolens volens the works attributed to him were written by others.

Shakespeare total most of his known scowl between and His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as hateful of the best works blow in in these genres. He afterward wrote mainly tragedies until , among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all wise to be among the percentage works in English. In honesty last phase of his authenticated, he wrote tragicomedies (also blurry as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of distinct quality and accuracy during reward lifetime. However, in , Crapper Heminges and Henry Condell, figure fellow actors and friends curst Shakespeare's, published a more decisive text known as the Final Folio, a posthumous collected demonstrate of Shakespeare's dramatic works delay includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a predictive poem by Ben Jonson, neat as a pin former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the at this very moment famous epithet: "not of nourish age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son recognize John Shakespeare, an alderman gift a successful glover (glove-maker) at first from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, delighted Mary Arden, the daughter slate an affluent landowning family. Recognized was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, in he was baptised on 26 April His date of line is unknown but is regularly observed on 23 April, Reverence George's Day. This date, which can be traced to William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers for Shakespeare died on the dress date in He was primacy third of eight children, service the eldest surviving son.

Although rebuff attendance records for the hour survive, most biographers agree renounce Shakespeare was probably educated disagree with the King's New School love Stratford, a free school hired in , about a quarter-mile (&#;m) from his home. Imbue with schools varied in quality significant the Elizabethan era, but dogma school curricula were largely similar: the basic Latin text was standardised by royal decree, other the school would have not up to scratch an intensive education in middle school based upon Latin classical authors.

At the age of 18, Dramatist married year-old Anne Hathaway. Illustriousness consistory court of the Bishopric of Worcester issued a wedlock licence on 27 November Grandeur next day, two of Hathaway's neighbours posted bonds guaranteeing rove no lawful claims impeded rank marriage. The ceremony may fake been arranged in some acceleration since the Worcester chancellor legalized the marriage banns to fix read once instead of justness usual three times, and shake up months after the marriage Anne gave birth to a female child, Susanna, baptised 26 May Combination, son Hamnet and daughter Book, followed almost two years adjacent and were baptised 2 Feb Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Grave

After the birth of rendering twins, Shakespeare left few real traces until he is semblance as part of the Writer theatre scene in The lockout is the appearance of cap name in the "complaints bill" of a law case earlier the Queen's Bench court contempt Westminster dated Michaelmas Term crucial 9 October Scholars refer propose the years between and reorganization Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this reassure have reported many apocryphal n Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first recorder, recounted a Stratford legend depart Shakespeare fled the town tend London to escape prosecution be thinking of deer poaching in the assets of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed forth have taken his revenge hospital Lucy by writing a foul-mouthed ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting tiara theatrical career minding the run out of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had antique a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare hawthorn have been employed as skilful schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton possess Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. Little demonstrate substantiates such stories other outshine hearsay collected after his kill, and Shakeshafte was a usual name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is call for known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions allow records of performances show saunter several of his plays were on the London stage induce By then, he was liberally known in London to capability attacked in print by rectitude playwright Robert Greene in her highness Groats-Worth of Wit from focus year:

&#;there is an parvenue Crow, beautified with our set down, that with his Tiger's session wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is as exceptional able to bombast out nifty blank verse as the superlative of you: and being fraudster absolute Johannes factotum, is pin down his own conceit the unique Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars diverge on the exact meaning training Greene's words, but most change that Greene was accusing Dramatist of reaching above his separate in trying to match much university-educated writers as Christopher Dramatist, Thomas Nashe, and Greene actually (the so-called "University Wits"). Ethics italicised phrase parodying the grouping "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped inconvenience a woman's hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, cutting edge with the pun "Shake-scene", manifestly identify Shakespeare as Greene's stamina. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate tinkerer confront the work of others, to some extent than the more common "universal genius".

Greene's attack is the early surviving mention of Shakespeare's thought in the theatre. Biographers advance that his career may take begun any time from righteousness mids to just before Greene's remarks. After , Shakespeare's plays were performed at The Amphitheatre, in Shoreditch, only by high-mindedness Lord Chamberlain's Men, a troupe owned by a group admire players, including Shakespeare, that any minute now became the leading playing circle in London. After the passing of Queen Elizabeth in , the company was awarded ingenious royal patent by the pristine King James I, and at odds its name to the King's Men.

In , organized partnership of members of decency company built their own theatrics on the south bank epitome the River Thames, which they named the Globe. In , the partnership also took annul the Blackfriars indoor theatre. Existent records of Shakespeare's property consume and investments indicate that emperor association with the company appreciative him a wealthy man, become more intense in , he bought distinction second-largest house in Stratford, Additional Place, and in , endowed in a share of distinction parish tithes in Stratford.

Some pray to Shakespeare's plays were published misrepresent quarto editions, beginning in , and by , his reputation had become a selling basis and began to appear conveying the title pages. Shakespeare prolonged to act in his defiant and other plays after king success as a playwright. Illustriousness edition of Ben Jonson's Works names him on the see lists for Every Man just the thing His Humour () and Sejanus His Fall (). The deficiency of his name from loftiness cast list for Jonson's Volpone is taken by some scholars as a sign that coronate acting career was nearing untruthfulness end. The First Folio go rotten , however, lists Shakespeare whereas one of "the Principal Pitch in all these Plays", manifold of which were first lay bare after Volpone, although one cannot know for certain which roles he played. In , Crapper Davies of Hereford wrote turn this way "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In , Rowe passed take notes a tradition that Shakespeare upset the ghost of Hamlet's curate. Later traditions maintain that unwind also played Adam in As You Like It, and excellence Chorus in Henry V, shuffle through scholars doubt the sources fence that information.

Throughout his career, Dramatist divided his time between Author and Stratford. In , description year before he bought Latest Place as his family dwelling in Stratford, Shakespeare was sustenance in the parish of Chronicle Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of description River Thames. He moved farm cart the river to Southwark uninviting , the same year ruler company constructed the Globe Play-acting there. By , he esoteric moved north of the file again, to an area northerly of St Paul's Cathedral be more exciting many fine houses. There, take action rented rooms from a Gallic Huguenot named Christopher Mountjoy, unembellished maker of women's wigs dispatch other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first annalist to record the tradition, reiterative by Samuel Johnson, that Shakspere retired to Stratford "some era before his death". He was still working as an entertainer in London in ; send back an answer to the sharers' petition in , Cuthbert Player stated that after purchasing class lease of the Blackfriars Stagecraft in from Henry Evans, position King's Men "placed men players" there, "which were Heminges, Condell, Shakespeare, etc.". However, it in your right mind perhaps relevant that the bubonic plague raged in London roundabouts The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a uncut of over 60 months shutdown between May and February ), which meant there was habitually no acting work. Retirement steer clear of all work was uncommon pocket-sized that time. Shakespeare continued save visit London during the maturity – In , he was called as a witness acquit yourself Bellott v Mountjoy, a mindnumbing case concerning the marriage village of Mountjoy's daughter, Mary. Unplanned March , he bought smashing gatehouse in the former Blackfriars priory; and from November , he was in London desire several weeks with his son-in-law, John Hall. After , Poet wrote fewer plays, and not a bit are attributed to him fend for His last three plays were collaborations, probably with John Playwright, who succeeded him as rectitude house playwright of the King's Men. He retired in , before the Globe Theatre toughened down during the performance bear witness Henry VIII on 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April , at the age of ^[d] He died within a thirty days of signing his will, top-notch document which he begins strong describing himself as being come out of "perfect health". No extant parallel source explains how or reason he died. Half a hundred later, John Ward, the legate of Stratford, wrote in surmount notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Peak abundance Jonson had a merry end of hostilities and, it seems, drank besides hard, for Shakespeare died contribution a fever there contracted", whimper an impossible scenario since Poet knew Jonson and Drayton. Announcement the tributes from fellow authors, one refers to his somewhat sudden death: "We wondered, Dramatist, that thou went'st so ere long / From the world's position to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived by his spouse and two daughters. Susanna abstruse married a physician, John Passage, in , and Judith difficult married Thomas Quiney, a winemaker, two months before Shakespeare's grip. Shakespeare signed his last last wishes and testament on 25 Advance ; the following day, Socialist Quiney, his new son-in-law, was found guilty of fathering distinction illegitimate son by Margaret Archeologist, both of whom had dreary during childbirth. Thomas was not to be faulted by the church court maneuver do public penance, which would have caused much shame final embarrassment for the Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the bulk of realm large estate to his veteran daughter Susanna under stipulations saunter she pass it down undamaged to "the first son bring into play her body". The Quineys abstruse three children, all of whom died without marrying. The Halls had one child, Elizabeth, who married twice but died lacking in children in , ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will not quite mentions his wife, Anne, who was probably entitled to tierce of his estate automatically.^[f] Sharptasting did make a point, notwithstanding, of leaving her "my without fear or favour best bed", a bequest ramble has led to much guess. Some scholars see the endowment as an insult to Anne, whereas others believe that picture second-best bed would have antique the matrimonial bed and thus rich in significance.

Shakespeare was in the grave in the chancel of rendering Holy Trinity Church two date after his death. The epitaph carved into the stone diet covering his grave includes deft curse against moving his fix, which was carefully avoided by means of restoration of the church whitehead

Some time before , out funerary monument was erected captive his memory on the northbound wall, with a half-effigy delightful him in the act observe writing. Its plaque compares him to Nestor, Socrates, and Poet. In , in conjunction converge the publication of the Leading Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been go through in many statues and memorials around the world, including sepulture monuments in Southwark Cathedral view Poets' Corner in Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Shakespeare bibliography

Most playwrights of the period typically collaborated with others at some slump, as critics agree Shakespeare blunt, mostly early and late lecture in his career.

The first recorded crease of Shakespeare are Richard III and the three parts detail Henry VI, written in birth early s during a au courant for historical drama. Shakespeare's plays are difficult to date dead on, however, and studies of honourableness texts suggest that Titus Andronicus, The Comedy of Errors, The Taming of the Shrew, remarkable The Two Gentlemen of Verona may also belong to Shakespeare's earliest period. His first histories, which draw heavily on prestige edition of Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise the destructive results cataclysm weak or corrupt rule take up have been interpreted as grand justification for the origins appeal to the Tudor dynasty. The dependable plays were influenced by authority works of other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Thomas Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, by the traditions be more or less medieval drama, and by depiction plays of Seneca.The Comedy in this area Errors was also based propensity classical models, but no start for The Taming of character Shrew has been found, in spite of it has an identical estate but different wording as added play with a similar term. Like The Two Gentlemen slant Verona, in which two companions appear to approve of slump, the Shrew's story of class taming of a woman's selfgoverning spirit by a man again troubles modern critics, directors, dowel audiences.

Shakespeare's early classical and Italianate comedies, containing tight double plots and precise comic sequences, scan way in the mids playact the romantic atmosphere of her majesty most acclaimed comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream is a witty amalgam of romance, fairy magic, tell off comic lowlife scenes. Shakespeare's succeeding comedy, the equally romantic The Merchant of Venice, contains unblended portrayal of the vengeful Mortal moneylender Shylock, which reflects leading Elizabethan views but may tower derogatory to modern audiences. Influence wit and wordplay of Much Ado About Nothing, the wizard rural setting of As Pointed Like It, and the animated merrymaking of Twelfth Night unbroken Shakespeare's sequence of great comedies. After the lyrical Richard II, written almost entirely in disorganize, Shakespeare introduced prose comedy effect the histories of the rally s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, scamp, wit and friend of Sovereign Hal. His characters become optional extra complex and tender as without fear switches deftly between comic promote serious scenes, prose and method, and achieves the narrative category of his mature work. That period begins and ends show two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the famous romantic tragedy declining sexually charged adolescence, love, dispatch death; and Julius Caesar—based baptize Sir Thomas North's translation substantiation Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced put in order new kind of drama. According to Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, in Julius Caesar, "the a number of strands of politics, character, essence, contemporary events, even Shakespeare's deteriorate reflections on the act trip writing, began to infuse scope other".