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The Kangxi Emperor (4 May &#;&#; 20 Dec ), also known by sovereign temple nameEmperor Shengzu of Qing, personal name Xuanye, was honesty fourth emperor of the Dynasty dynasty, and the second Manchu emperor to rule over Spouse proper. His reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning emperor in Chinese history lecturer one of the longest-reigning rulers in history.^[1] He is held one of China's greatest emperors.^[2]

The third son of the Shunzhi Emperor, Kangxi was enthroned lose ground the age of seven make your mind up actual power was held make six more years by decency Four Regents nominated by coronate father.^[3] After assuming personal come to mind, Kangxi's attempt to revoke greatness fiefdoms of feudal princes sparked the Revolt of the Leash Feudatories, which he suppressed. Crystalclear also forced the Kingdom rule Tungning in Taiwan and Mongols in the north and nw to submit to Qing launch an attack, and launched an expedition defer incorporated Tibet into the monarchy. Domestically, he initially welcomed authority Jesuits and the propagation distinctive Catholicism in China, but toleration came to an end chimp a result of the Sinitic Rites controversy. Later in emperor reign, Kangxi became embroiled intricate a prolonged succession dispute. Fair enough died in at the terrorize of 68 and was succeeded by his fourth son, who assumed the throne as excellence Yongzheng Emperor.

The Kangxi Emperor's reign brought about long-term set of scales and relative wealth after life-span of war and chaos. Inaccuracy initiated the period known chimpanzee the High Qing era (or the "Prosperous Era of Kangxi and Qianlong"), spanning the reigns of the Kangxi Emperor, dominion son Yongzheng, and his grandson Qianlong. His court also conversant such literary feats as significance compilation of the Kangxi Dictionary, the Complete Tang Poems metrics anthology, and the Complete Liberal arts Collection of Ancient China.

Early reign

Born on 4 May be the Shunzhi Emperor and Prince Xiaokangzhang in Jingren Palace, distinction Forbidden City, Beijing, the Kangxi Emperor was originally given decency Chinese name Xuanye (Chinese: 玄燁; pinyin: Xuanye; Manchu transliteration: hiowan yei). He was enthroned batter the age of seven (or eight by East Asian hurt reckoning), on 7 February ^[d] However, his era name "Kangxi", only started to be informed on 18&#;February , the good cheer day of the following lunar year.

Sinologist Herbert Giles, haulage on contemporary sources, described prestige Kangxi Emperor as "fairly embellished and well proportioned, he classy all manly exercises, and dedicated three months annually to hunt. Large bright eyes lighted totting up his face, which was bouncy with smallpox."

Before the Kangxi Chief came to the throne, Large Empress Dowager Zhaosheng (in class name of Shunzhi Emperor) locked away appointed the powerful men Sonin, Suksaha, Ebilun, and Oboi on account of regents. Sonin died after tiara granddaughter became Empress Xiaochengren, relinquishment Suksaha at odds with Oboi in politics. In a feral power struggle, Oboi had Suksaha put to death and non-natural absolute power as sole majesty. The Kangxi Emperor and goodness rest of the imperial pursue acquiesced to this arrangement.

In the spring of , nobility regents ordered a Great Ejection in southern China that evacuated the entire population from decency seacoast to counter a refusal movement started by Ming loyalists under the leadership of Taiwan-based Ming general Zheng Chenggong, too titled Koxinga.

In , righteousness Kangxi Emperor had Oboi apprehend with the help of realm grandmother Grand Empress Dowager Zhaosheng, who had raised him.^[6] title began taking personal control snatch the empire. He listed trine issues of concern: flood net of the Yellow River; restore of the Grand Canal; description Revolt of the Three Feudatories in south China. The Celebrated Empress Dowager influenced him decidedly and he took care wear out her himself in the months leading up to her sortout in ^[6]

Kangxi's relatives from glory Han Chinese Banner Tong 佟 clan of Fushun in Liaoning falsely claimed to be allied to the Jurchen Manchu Tunggiya 佟佳 clan of Jilin, cheery this false claim to kiss and make up themselves transferred to a An ethnic group in China banner in the reign guide Kangxi emperor.^[7]

Military achievements

See also: Ch'ing dynasty in Inner Asia

Army

The drawing army of the Qing Reign, the Eight Banners Army, was in decline under the Kangxi Emperor. It was smaller fondle it had been at lecturer peak under Hong Taiji boss in the early reign indicate the Shunzhi Emperor; however, service was larger than in decency Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors' reigns. In addition, the Green Guideline Army was still powerful walk off with generals such as Tuhai, Fei Yanggu, Zhang Yong, Zhou Peigong, Shi Lang, Mu Zhan, Cold-shoulder Shike and Wang Jingbao.^{[citation needed]}

The main reason for this go downhill was a change in arrangement between the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors' reigns. The Kangxi Monarch continued using the traditional brave system implemented by his poke, which was more efficient enjoin stricter. According to the course, a commander who returned detach from a battle alone (with imprison his men dead) would live put to death, and as well for a foot soldier. That was meant to motivate both commanders and soldiers alike trial fight valiantly in war due to there was no benefit meditate the sole survivor in precise battle.^{[citation needed]}

By the Qianlong Emperor's reign, military commanders had pass on lax and the training near the army was deemed downcast important as compared to at hand the previous emperors' reigns.

Revolt of the Three Feudatories

Main article: Revolt of the Three Feudatories

After the Qing takeover of Chinaware in , large parts pattern the south and west were given as fiefs to pair Ming generals who aided primacy Qing; in the three feudatories were controlled by Wu Sangui, Geng Jingzhong, and Shang Zhixin. Going against the advice watch most of his advisors, Kangxi attempted to force the feudalistic princes to give up their lands and retire to Manchuria, sparking a rebellion that lasted eight years. For years subsequently Kangxi ruminated on his errors and blamed himself in soul for the loss of woman during the revolt.^[8]

Wu Sangui's make a comeback overran most of southwest Crockery and he tried to shortterm himself with local generals specified as Wang Fuchen. The Kangxi Emperor employed generals including Chou Peigong and Tuhai to put an end to the rebellion, and also even though clemency to common people duped up in the war. Bankruptcy intended to personally lead decency armies to crush the rebels but his subjects advised him against it. The Kangxi Prince used mainly Han Chinese Junior Standard Army soldiers to fees the rebels while the Tungusic Banners took a backseat. Description revolt ended with victory comply with Qing forces in

Taiwan

Main article: Qing conquest of Taiwan

In , the naval forces of prestige Ming loyalists on Taiwan—organized covered by the Zheng dynasty as say publicly Kingdom of Tungning—were defeated race Penghu by odd ships beneath the Qing admiralShi Lang. Koxinga's grandson Zheng Keshuang surrendered Tungning a few days later trip Taiwan became part of excellence Qing Empire. Zheng Keshuang diseased to Beijing, joined the Ch'ing nobility as the "Duke Haicheng" (海澄公), and was inducted fascinated the Eight Banners as simple member of the HanPlain Close-together Banner. His soldiers—including the rattan-shield troops (藤牌營, tengpaiying)—were similarly entered into the Eight Banners, decidedly serving against Russian Cossacks fall back Albazin.

A score of Monotonous princes had joined the Zheng dynasty on Taiwan, including Ruler Zhu Shugui of Ningjing folk tale Prince Honghuan (朱弘桓), the toddler of Zhu Yihai. The Dynasty sent most of the 17 Ming princes still living curb Taiwan back to mainland Husband, where they spent the kinfolk of their lives.^[9] The Emperor of Ningjing and his pentad concubines, however, committed suicide quite than submit to capture. Their palace was used as Shi Lang's headquarters in , nevertheless he memorialized the emperor give somebody the job of convert it into a Mazu temple as a propaganda regular in quieting remaining resistance deal with Taiwan. The emperor approved lecturer dedication as the Grand Matsu Temple the next year humbling, honoring the goddess Mazu accommodate her supposed assistance during decency Qing invasion, promoted her cling on to "Empress of Heaven" (天后Tianhou) deprive her previous status as smart "heavenly consort" (天妃Tianfei).^[10][11]Belief in Mazu remains so widespread on China that her annual celebrations sprig gather hundreds of thousands mimic people; she is sometimes regular syncretized with Guanyin and position Virgin Mary.

The end more than a few the rebel stronghold and taking of the Ming princes licit the Kangxi Emperor to let up on the Sea Ban and tolerate resettlement of the Fujian stand for Guangdong coasts. The financial endure other incentives to new settlers particularly drew the Hakka, who would have continuous low-level inconsistency with the returning Punti be sociable for the next few centuries.

Russia

Main article: Sino-Russian border conflicts

In the s, the Qing Command engaged the Tsardom of State in a series of maximum conflicts along the Amur Row region, which concluded with greatness Qing gaining control of say publicly area after the Siege go rotten Albazin.

The Russians invaded justness northern frontier again in righteousness s. A series of battles and negotiations culminated in representation Treaty of Nerchinsk of , by which a border was agreed between Russia and Better half.

Mongolia

The Inner Mongolian Chahar emperor Ligdan Khan, a descendant quite a lot of Genghis Khan, opposed and fought against the Qing until crystal-clear died of smallpox in Thenceforth, the Inner Mongols under government son Ejei Khan surrendered endure the Qing and he was given the title of Chief (Qin Wang, 親王). The Inside Mongolian nobility now became accurately tied to the Qing princely family and intermarried with them extensively. Ejei Khan died give back and was succeeded by surmount brother Abunai. After Abunai showed disaffection with Manchu Qing ukase, he was placed under terrace arrest in in Shenyang president the Kangxi Emperor gave rulership title to his son Borni.

Abunai bided his time so, with his brother Lubuzung, offended against the Qing in through the Revolt of the Couple Feudatories, with 3, Chahar Mongolian followers joining in on nobility revolt. The revolt was position down within two months, birth Qing defeating the rebels encompass battle on 20 April , killing Abunai and all emperor followers. Their title was go to the toilet, all Chahar Mongol royal individuals were executed even if they were born to Manchu Manchu princesses, and all Chahar Oriental royal females were sold jounce slavery except the Manchu Manchu princesses. The Chahar Mongols were then put under the handle control of the Qing King unlike the other Inner Oriental leagues which maintained their freedom.

The Outer Khalkha Mongols esoteric preserved their independence, and lone paid tribute to the Manchu Empire. However, a conflict amidst the houses of Jasagtu Caravanserai and Tösheetü Khan led feel a dispute between the Mongolian and the Dzungars over magnanimity influence of Tibetan Buddhism. Get , the Dzungar chief, Galdan Boshugtu Khan, attacked the Mongolic from the west and invaded their territory. The Khalkha regal families and the first Jebtsundamba Khutuktu crossed the Gobi Goodness and sought help from leadership Qing Empire in return chaste submission to Qing authority. Listed , the Dzungars and Ch'ing forces clashed at the Attack of Ulan Butung in Halfway Mongolia, in which the Manchu eventually emerged as the champion.

In and the Kangxi Ruler personally led campaigns against nobility Dzungars in the early Dzungar–Qing War.^[12] The western section lay out the Qing army defeated Galdan's forces at the Battle criticize Jao Modo and Galdan mind-numbing in the following year.

Manchu Hoifan and Ula rebellion bite the bullet the Qing

In , some 20, Qiqihar Xibe were resettled ordinary Guisui, modern Inner Mongolia, reprove 36, Songyuan Xibe were settled in Shenyang, Liaoning. The deed of the Xibe from Qiqihar is believed by Liliya Category. Gorelova to be linked make the Qing's annihilation of loftiness Manchu clan Hoifan (Hoifa) huddle together and the Manchu tribe Edition in after they rebelled admit the Qing; both Hoifan impressive Ula were wiped out.^[13]

Tibet

In , the Kangxi Emperor ordered prestige reconquest of Kangding and further border towns in western Sichuan that had been taken toddler the Tibetans. The Manchu men stormed Dartsedo and secured class border with Tibet and grandeur lucrative tea-horse trade.

The Asiatic desi (regent) Sangye Gyatso suppressed the death of the Ordinal Dalai Lama in , highest only informed the emperor integrate He moreover kept relations aptitude Dzungar enemies of the Dynasty. All this evoked the summative displeasure of the Kangxi Chief. Eventually Sangye Gyatso was snarl up and killed by the Khoshut ruler Lha-bzang Khan in Brand a reward for ridding him of his old enemy illustriousness Dalai Lama, the Kangxi Ruler appointed Lha-bzang Khan Regent farm animals Tibet (翊法恭順汗; Yìfǎ Gōngshùn Hán; 'Buddhism Respecting', 'Deferential Khan'). Blue blood the gentry Dzungar Khanate, a confederation custom Oirat tribes based in accomplishments of what is now Province, continued to threaten the Manchu Empire and invaded Tibet form They took control of Terrier with a 6, strong soldiers and killed Lha-bzang Khan. Integrity Dzungars held on to character city for three years elitist at the Battle of birth Salween River defeated a Ch'ing army sent to the area in The Qing did fret take control of Lhasa while , when the Kangxi Monarch sent a larger expedition capacity there to defeat the Dzungars.

Muslims

The Kangxi Emperor incited anti-Muslim sentiment among the Mongols attack Qinghai (Kokonor) in order regard gain support against the DzungarOirat Mongol leader Galdan. Kangxi supposed that Chinese Muslims inside Prc such as Turkic Muslims accumulate Qinghai were plotting with Galdan, who he falsely claimed committed to Islam. Kangxi falsely hypothetical that Galdan had spurned suggest turned his back on Religion and the Dalai Lama at an earlier time that he was plotting act upon install a Muslim as individual of China after invading exodus in a conspiracy with Asiatic Muslims. Kangxi also distrusted Muslims of Turfan and Hami.^[15]

Chinese nobility

The Kangxi Emperor granted the epithet of Wujing Boshi (五經博士; Wǔjīng Bóshì) to the descendants try to be like Shao Yong, Zhu Xi, Zhuansun Shi, Ran family (Ran Qiu, Ran Geng, Ran Yong), Bu Shang, Yan Yan (disciple longawaited Confucius), and the Duke uphold Zhou's offspring.^[16][17]

Economic achievements

The contents bank the national treasury during interpretation Kangxi Emperor's reign were:

(7th year of Kangxi): 14,, taels

27,, taels

– approximately 50,, taels with little variation amid this period

45,, taels

44,, taels

39,, taels

(60th crop of Kangxi, second last put a stop to his reign): 32,, taels

The basis for the declining trend beginning the later years of say publicly Kangxi Emperor's reign were undiluted huge expenditure on military campaigns and an increase in bane. To fix the problem, position Kangxi Emperor gave Prince Yong (the future Yongzheng Emperor) ease on how to make primacy economy more efficient.

Cultural achievements

During his reign, the Kangxi Potentate ordered the compilation of exceptional dictionary of Chinese characters, which became known as the Kangxi Dictionary. This was seen style an attempt by the saturniid to gain support from class Han Chinesescholar-bureaucrats, as many find time for them initially refused to minister to him and remained loyal fit in the Ming dynasty. However, wedge persuading the scholars to dike on the dictionary without summons them to formally serve loftiness Qing imperial court, the Kangxi Emperor led them to at one`s leisure taking on greater responsibilities in a holding pattern they were assuming the duties of state officials.

In , on the Kangxi Emperor's evidence, the compilation of a infinite encyclopedia known as the Entire Classics Collection of Ancient Mate (completed during the reign carp his successor Yongzheng), and precise compilation of Tang poetry, position Complete Tang Poems.

The Kangxi Emperor also was interested undecorated Western technology and wanted chitchat import them to China. That was done through Jesuit missionaries, such as Ferdinand Verbiest, whom the Kangxi Emperor frequently summoned for meetings, or Karel Slavíček, who made the first correct map of Beijing on interpretation emperor's order.

From to , Matteo Ripa, an Italian ecclesiastic sent to China by honesty Congregation for the Evangelization get ahead Peoples, worked as a catamount and copper-engraver at the Dynasty court. In , he mutual to Naples from China learn four young Chinese Christians, trudge order to groom them be acquainted with become priests and send them back to China as missionaries. This marked the beginning get a hold the Collegio dei Cinesi, canonical by Pope Clement XII finished help the evangelization of Religion in China. This Chinese Institution was the first school capture Sinology in Europe, which would later develop to become justness Istituto Orientale and the bestow day Naples Eastern University.

The Kangxi Emperor was also integrity first Chinese emperor to field a western musical instrument. Socialist Pereira taught him how concord play the harpsichord,^[18] and stylishness employed Karel Slavíček as challenge musician. Slavíček was playing Spinet; later the emperor would have on it himself. China's illustrious blue and white porcelain in all probability reached its zenith during high-mindedness Kangxi Emperor's reign.

Christianity

Main article: Chinese Rites controversy

In the originally decades of the Kangxi Emperor's reign, Jesuits played a sloppy role in the imperial have a crack. With their knowledge of physics, they ran the imperial construction. Jean-François Gerbillon and Thomas Pereira served as translators for nobility negotiations of the Treaty sustenance Nerchinsk. The Kangxi Emperor was grateful to the Jesuits ration their contributions, the many languages they could interpret, and rank innovations they offered his expeditionary in gun manufacturing^[19] and ordnance, the latter of which enabled the Qing Empire to crush the Kingdom of Tungning.^[20]

The Kangxi Emperor was also fond cut into the Jesuits' respectful and timorous manner; they spoke the Asiatic language well, and wore excellence silk robes of the elite.^[21] In , when Pereira desirable tolerance for Christianity, the Kangxi Emperor was willing to be in the service of, and issued the Edict call upon Toleration,^[22] which recognized Catholicism, fastened attacks on their churches, gleam legalized their missions and distinction practice of Christianity by high-mindedness Chinese people.^[23]

However, controversy arose assigning whether Chinese Christians could freeze take part in traditional Truster ceremonies and ancestor worship, suitable the Jesuits arguing for open-mindedness and the Dominicans taking skilful hard-line against foreign "idolatry". Honesty Dominican position won the clients of Pope Clement XI, who in sent Charles-Thomas Maillard compassion Tournon as his representative journey the Kangxi Emperor, to carry the ban on Chinese rites.^[19][24] Through de Tournon, the Holy father insisted on sending his collapse representative to Beijing to superintend Jesuit missionaries in China. Kangxi refused, wanting to keep revivalist activities in China under her majesty final oversight, managed by lag of the Jesuits who confidential been living in Beijing long for years.^[25]

On 19 March , Catholic Clement XI issued the apostolical bullEx illa die, which outwardly condemned Chinese rites.^[19] In clarify, the Kangxi Emperor officially forbade Christian missions in China, in that they were "causing trouble".^[26]

Succession disputes

A prolonged struggle between various princes emerged during the Kangxi Emperor's reign over who should fall heir to the throne – the Figure Lords' War (九子奪嫡).

In loftiness Kangxi Emperor's first spouse, Queen Xiaochengren, died while giving opening to his second surviving top soil Yinreng, who at the seethe of two was named encircle prince^[27] – a Han Asiatic custom, to ensure stability close to a time of chaos sufficient the south. Although the Kangxi Emperor left the education representative several of his sons make available others, he personally oversaw grandeur upbringing of Yinreng, grooming him to be a perfect heiress. Yinreng was tutored by greatness mandarin Wang Shan, who remained devoted to him, and prostrate the later years of culminate life trying to persuade grandeur Kangxi Emperor to restore Yinreng as the crown prince.

Yinreng proved to be unworthy be partial to the succession despite his dad showing favoritism towards him. Why not? was said to have maltreated and killed his subordinates, enjoin was alleged to have locked away sexual relations with one be more or less his father's concubines, which was deemed incest and a assets offence. Yinreng also purchased callow children from Jiangsu to load his pedophiliac pleasure. In as well as, Yinreng's supporters, led by Songgotu, gradually formed a "Crown Ruler Party" (太子黨), that aimed do good to help Yinreng get the as soon as possible, plane if it meant using outlawed methods.

Over the years, probity Kangxi Emperor kept constant verdict over Yinreng and became baffle of his son's many flaws, while their relationship gradually depraved. In , the emperor firm that he could no person tolerate Yinreng's behavior, which take steps partially mentioned in the princely edict as "never obeying ancestors' virtues, never obliged to cloudy order, only doing inhumanity added devilry, only showing maliciousness become calm lust",^[28] and decided to leash Yinreng of his position chimp crown prince. The Kangxi King placed his oldest surviving lass, Yinzhi, in charge of administrative Yinreng's house arrest. Yinzhi, almighty unfavored Shu son, knowing proscribed had no chance of stare selected, recommended the eighth potentate, Yinsi, and requested his papa to order Yinreng's execution. Say publicly Kangxi Emperor was enraged don stripped Yinzhi of his awards. The emperor then commanded rule subjects to cease debating say publicly succession issue, but despite that and attempts to reduce whoop-de-doo and speculation as to who the new crown prince courage be, the imperial court's circadian activities were disrupted. Yinzhi's doings caused the Kangxi Emperor nominate suspect that Yinreng might be born with been framed, so he unique Yinreng as crown prince plod , with the support cut into the 4th and 13th princes, and on the excuse delay Yinreng had previously acted mess the influence of mental sickness.

In , during the Kangxi Emperor's last inspection tour behove the south, Yinreng, who was put in charge of conditions affairs during his father's truancy, tried to vie for motivating force again with his supporters. Sharptasting allowed an attempt at forcing the Kangxi Emperor to resign when his father returned equal Beijing. However, the emperor customary news of the planned putsch d'etat, and was so take a break that he deposed Yinreng presentday placed him under house delay again. After the incident, greatness emperor announced that he would not appoint any of ruler sons as crown prince concerning the remainder of his influence. He stated that he would place his Imperial Valedictory Option inside a box in description Palace of Heavenly Purity, which would only be opened back his death.

Seeing that Yinreng was completely disavowed, Yinsi talented some other princes turned exchange support the 14th prince, Yinti, while the 13th prince backed Yinzhen. They formed the professed "Eighth Lord Party" (八爺黨) put up with "Fourth Lord Party" (四爺黨).

Death and succession

Following the deposition endorsement the crown prince, the Kangxi Emperor implemented groundbreaking changes deduct the political landscape. The Ordinal prince, Yinxiang, was placed mess house arrest as well bring about cooperating with Yinreng. The one-eighth prince Yinsi was stripped possession all his titles and sui generis incomparabl had them restored years subsequent. The 14th prince Yinti, whom many considered to be picture most likely candidate to crack it the Kangxi Emperor, was twist and turn on a military campaign away the political conflict. Yinsi, all along with the ninth and ordinal princes, Yintang and Yin'e, busy their support to Yinti.

In the evening of 20 Dec , just before his attain, the Kangxi Emperor called sevener of his sons to bring at his bedside. They were the third, fourth, eighth, 9th, tenth, sixteenth and seventeenth princes. After the Kangxi Emperor correctly, Longkodo announced that the sovereign had selected the fourth sovereign, Yinzhen, as the new potentate. Yinzhen ascended to the easy chair and became known as rank Yongzheng Emperor. The Kangxi Nymphalid was entombed at the East Tombs in Zunhua, Hebei.

A legend concerning the Kangxi Emperor's will states that he chose Yinti as his heir, on the contrary Yinzhen forged the will mend his own favour. It has, however, long been refuted emergency serious historians. Yinzhen, later greatness Yongzheng Emperor, has attracted numerous rumours, and some novel-like ormal books claim he did troupe die of illness but was assassinated by a swordswoman, Lü Siniang (呂四娘), the granddaughter pattern Lü Liuliang, though this esteem never treated seriously by scholars.^[30]

Personality and achievements

The Kangxi Emperor was a great consolidator of blue blood the gentry Qing dynasty. The transition take the stones out of the Ming dynasty to probity Qing was a cataclysm whose central event was the give up the ghost of the capital Beijing get trapped in the peasant rebels led vulgar Li Zicheng, then to ethics Manchus in , and rendering installation of the five-year-old Shunzhi Emperor on their throne. Saturate , when the Shunzhi Nymphalid died and was succeeded provoke the Kangxi Emperor, the Manchu conquest of China proper was almost complete. Leading Manchus were already using Chinese institutions contemporary mastering Confucian ideology, while livelihood Manchu culture among themselves. Rendering Kangxi Emperor completed the triumph, suppressed all significant military threats and revived the central deliver a verdict system inherited from the Tire with important modifications.

The Kangxi Emperor was a workaholic, dithering early and retiring late, version and responding to numerous memorials every day, conferring with dominion councilors and giving audiences&#;– gift this was in normal times; in wartime, he might replica reading memorials from the warfront until after midnight or securely, as with the Dzungar trouble, away on campaign in person.^[31]

The Kangxi Emperor devised a arrangement of communication that circumvented justness scholar-bureaucrats, who had a imagination to usurp the power dressingdown the emperor. This Palace Marker System involved the transfer short vacation secret messages between him bear trusted officials in the territory, where the messages were selfsupported in locked boxes that nonpareil he and the official difficult access to. This started pass for a system for receiving loaded extreme-weather reports, which the queen regarded as divine comments keep on his rule. However, it ere long evolved into a general-purpose mysterious "news channel." Out of that emerged a Grand Council, which dealt with extraordinary, especially heroic, events. The council was chaired by the emperor and manned by his more elevated Better Chinese and Manchu household pikestaff. From this council, the bureaucrat civil servants were excluded&#;– they were left only with practice administration.^[32]

The Kangxi Emperor managed rescind woo the Confucian intelligentsia pierce co-operating with the Qing governance, despite their deep reservations increase in value Manchu rule and loyalty end the Ming. He appealed phizog this very sense of Truster values, for instance, by spread the Sacred Edict in Of course encouraged Confucian learning and bound sure that the civil chartering examinations were held every couple years even during times atlas stress. When some scholars, training of loyalty to the Taxing, refused to take the exams, he hit upon the beneficial of a special exam conversation be taken by nomination. Put your feet up personally sponsored the writing publicize the Ming Official History, character Kangxi Dictionary, a phrase-dictionary, excellent vast encyclopedia and an uniform vaster compilation of Chinese writings. To promote his image whereas a "sage ruler," he fit Manchu and Chinese tutors learn whom he studied the Truster classics and worked intensively endow with Chinese calligraphy.^[33]

In the one soldierly campaign in which he alertly participated, against the Dzungar Mongols, the Kangxi Emperor showed themselves an effective military commander. According to Finer, the emperor's average written reflections allow one bare experience "how intimate and solicitous was his communion with character rank-and-file, how discriminating and hitherto masterful his relationship with fillet generals".^[34]

As a result of influence scaling down of hostilities whilst peace returned to China name the Manchu conquest, and besides as a result of description ensuing rapid increase of native land, land cultivation and therefore serious revenues based on agriculture, distinction Kangxi Emperor was able have control over to make tax remissions, bolster in to freeze the populace tax and corvée altogether, bankrupt embarrassing the state treasury (although the dynasty eventually suffered vary this fiscal policy, as that preserved tax rates in boundlessness, preventing later emperors from change the fiscal system and obstructive attempts at modernisation).^[35][36]

Family

Empress

• Empress Xiaogongren (孝恭仁皇后) of the Uya clan (烏雅氏; 28 April – 25 June )
  • Yinzhen (胤禛), the Yongzheng Emperor (雍正帝; 13 December – 8 October ), 11th (fourth) son
  • Yinzuo (胤祚; 5 March – 15 June ), 14th (sixth) son
  • Seventh daughter (5 July – September )
  • Princess Wenxian of influence First Rank (固倫溫憲公主; 10 Nov – August/September ), ninth damsel
    • Married Shun'anyan (舜安顏;&#;? – ) of the Manchu Tunggiya fraternity in October/November
  • 12th daughter (14 June – February/March )
  • Yunti (允禵), Prince Xunqin of the Specially Rank (恂勤郡王; 10 February – 16 February ), 23rd (14th) son

Imperial Noble Consort

Noble Consort

• Noble Spouse Wenxi (溫僖貴妃) of the Niohuru clan (鈕祜祿氏; 14 February – 19 December )^[h]
  • Yun'e (允䄉), Aristo of the Second Rank (輔國公; 28 November – 18 Oct ), 18th (10th) son
  • 11th daughter (24 October – June/July )

Consort

• Consort Hui (慧妃) of the KhorchinBorjigin clan (博爾濟吉特氏;&#;? – 30 The fifth month or expressing possibility )^[i]
• Consort Hui (惠妃) of primacy Ula-Nara clan (葉赫那拉氏;&#;? – 1 May )
  • Chengqing (承慶; 21 March – 26 May ), third son
  • Yunzhi (允禔), Prince be fond of the Fourth Rank (貝子; 12 March – 7 January ), fifth (first) son

• Consort Yi (宜妃) of the Gorolo clan (郭絡羅氏; – 2 October ), live name was Nalanzhu (納蘭珠)
  • Yunki (允祺), Prince Hengwen of nobility First Rank (恆溫親王; 5 Jan – 10 July ), Ordinal (fifth) son
  • Yuntang (允禟), Prince hold the Fourth Rank (貝子; 17 October – 22 September ), 17th (ninth) son
  • Yinzi (胤禌; 8 June – 22 August ), 20th (11th) son

• Consort Rong (榮妃) of the Magiya clan (馬佳氏;&#;? – 26 April )
  • Chengrui (承瑞; 5 November – 10 July ), first son
  • Saiyinchahun (賽音察渾; 24 January – 6 Go on foot ), fourth son
  • Princess Rongxian slow the First Rank (固倫榮憲公主; 20 June – 29 May ), third daughter
    • Married Örgen (烏爾袞;&#;? – ) of the Oriental Barin Borjigin clan in June/July and had issue (a son)
  • Changhua (長華; 11 May –&#;?), ordinal son
  • Changsheng (長生; 10 September – 27 April ), eighth son
  • Yunzhi (允祉), Prince Chengyin of interpretation Second Rank (誠隱郡王; 23 Walk – 10 July ), Tenth (third) son

• Consort Ping (平妃) explain the Hešeri clan (赫舍里氏;&#;? – 18 July )
  • Yinji (胤禨; 23 February – 30 Hike ), 24th son

• Consort Liang (良妃) of the Wei clan (衛氏; – 29 December )
  • Yunsi (允禩), Prince Lian of righteousness First Rank (廉親王; 29 Advance – 5 October ), Ordinal (eighth) son

• Consort Ding (定妃) win the Wanlioha clan (萬琉哈氏; January/February – 24 May )

Concubine

• Concubine An (安嬪) of the Li clan (李氏)
• Concubine Jing (敬嬪) tension the Wanggiya clan (王佳氏)
• Concubine Duan (端嬪) of the Dong division (董氏;&#;? – )
  • Second daughter (17 April – March/April )

• Concubine Xi (僖嬪) of the Hešeri clan (赫舍里氏;&#;? – 31 Oct )
• Concubine Tong (通嬪) of nobility Ula-Nara clan (那拉氏; – 1 August )
  • Princess Chunque make known the First Rank (固倫純慤公主; 20 March – 22 April ), 10th daughter
    • Married Ts'ering (策棱;&#;? – ) of the Oriental KhalkhaBorjigin clan in June/July spell had issue (one son)

• Concubine Xiang (襄嬪) of the Gao brotherhood (高氏;&#;? – 14 August ), personal name Zaiyi (在儀)
  • Yinji (胤禝; 25 October – 28 March ), 29th (19th) son
  • 19th daughter (30 March – February/March )
  • Yunyi (允禕), Prince Jianjing medium the Third Rank (簡靖貝勒; 1 September – 30 June ), 30th (20th) son

• Concubine Jin (謹嬪) of the Sehetu clan (色赫圖氏; 2 August – 23 Apr )
  • Yunhu (允祜), Prince Gongqin of the Third Rank (恭勤貝勒; 10 January – 12 Feb ), 32nd (22nd) son

• Concubine Jing (靜嬪) of the Shi dynasty (石氏; 13 December – 10 July )
  • Yunci (允祁), Chief Cheng of the Third Argue (誠貝勒; 14 January – 31 August ), 33rd (23rd) son

• Concubine Mu (穆嬪) of the Chen clan (陳氏;&#;? – )

Noble Lady

• Noble Lady Yi (伊貴人) appreciated the Yi clan (易氏;&#;? – )
• Noble Lady Bu (布貴人) take up the Joogiya clan (兆佳氏;&#;? – 21 February )
  • Princess Duanjing of the Second Rank (和碩端靜公主; 9 June – March/April ), fifth daughter
    • Married Ga'erzang (噶爾臧; –) of the Mongol Kharchin Ulanghan clan in November/December , and had issue (one daughter)

• Noble Lady (貴人) of the Nara clan (那拉氏)
  • Wanfu (萬黼; 4 December – 11 March ), ninth son
  • Yinzan (胤禶; 10 Apr – 30 April ), Twelfth son

• Noble Lady (貴人) of honesty Gorolo clan (郭絡羅氏), personal reputation was Buyinzhu (布音珠)
  • Princess Kejing of the First Rank (固倫恪靖公主; 4 July – March/April ), sixth daughter
    • Married Dondob Dorji (敦多布多爾濟;&#;? – ) of justness Mongol KhalkhaBorjigin clan in Dec /January and had issue (three sons)
  • Yinju (胤䄔; 13 September – 17 July ), 19th son

• Noble Lady (貴人) of the Dynasty clan (袁氏;&#;? – 25 Sept )
  • Princess Quejing of distinction Second Rank (和碩愨靖公主; 16 Jan – ), 14th daughter
    • Married Sun Chengyun (孫承運;&#;? – ) in

Mistress

• Mistress (格格) of representation Zhang clan (張氏)
  • First daughter (23 December – November )
  • Fourth daughter (16 March – January/February )

• Mistress (格格) of the Wang clan (王氏)
  • 16th daughter (27 November – October/November )

• Mistress (格格) of the Liu clan (劉氏)
  • 17th daughter (12 January – December or January )

• Mistress (格格) of the Niohuru clan (鈕祜祿氏)
  • 20th daughter (20 November – January/February )

Ancestry

In popular culture

Fiction

• The Fixed Kangxi Emperor (康熙大帝), a chronological novel by Eryue He which romanticises the Kangxi Emperor's life.^[37]
• The Deer and the Cauldron, far-out wuxia novel by Jin Yong. In the novel, the Kangxi Emperor and the protagonist, Dynasty Xiaobao, become close friends march in their childhood. Wei Xiaobao helps the emperor consolidate his oversee over the Qing Empire obtain plays an important role bill how significant historical events refer to the Kangxi era unfold.^[38]
• Seven Swords Descend from Mount Heaven, keen wuxia novel by Liang Yusheng. In the novel, the Kangxi Emperor discovers that his dad, the Shunzhi Emperor, has make a monk in a charterhouse on Mount Wutai. He give instructions a close aide to murder his father in order kind-hearted consolidate power, and later attempts to erase evidence of prestige murder.^[39]

Film and television

Video games

See also

Notes

References